文献标引:陈蓉译自Collins P,Rosano G,Casey C,et al.Management of cardiovascular risk in the peri-menopausal woman:a consensus statement of European cardiologists and gynaecologists.Eur Heart J,2007,28(16)：2028-2040.对围绝经期妇女心血管疾病危险的处理：欧洲心脏病医生与妇科医生的一项共识声明[J/CD].中华临床医师杂志：电子版,2008,2(5):510-528.

参考文献:
[1]　Mosca L，Jones WK，King KB，et al.Awareness，perception，and knowledge of heart disease risk and prevention among women in the United States.American Heart Association Women′s Heart Disease and Stroke Campaign Task Force.Arch Fam Med，2000，9(6)：506－515.[PubMed]
[2]　Weisz D， Gusmano MK，Rodwin VG.Gender and the treatment of heart disease in older persons in the United States，France，and England：a comparative，population-based view of a clinical phenomenon.Gend Med，2004，1(1)：29－40.[PubMed]
[3]　Peterson S， Peto V， Rayner M，et al.European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics.2nd ed.London：British Heart Foundation，2005.
[4]　Stramba-Badiale M， Fox KM，Priori SG，et al.Cardiovascular diseases in women：a statement from the policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology.Eur Heart J，2006，27(8)：994－1005.[PubMed]
[5]　Benagiano G，Farris M.Why a consensus conference on hormone replacement therapy and the cardiovascular system？ Maturitas，2004，47(4)：245－253.[PubMed]
[6]　Naftolin F， Schneider HP， Sturdee DW， et al. Guidelines for hormone treatment of women in the menopausal transition and beyond.Climacteric，2004，7(4)：333－337.[PubMed]
[7]　Ouyang P， Michos ED， Karas RH. Hormone replacement therapy and the cardiovascular system lessons learned and unanswered questions.J Am Coll Cardiol，2006，47(9)：1741－1753.[PubMed]
[8]　Unal B， Critchley JA， Capewell S.Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000.Circulation，2004，109(9)：1101－1107.[PubMed]
[9]　Tunstall-Pedoe H，Kuulasmaa K，Mhnen M，et al.Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality：10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA project populations.Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease.Lancet，1999，353(9164)：1547－1557.[PubMed]
[10]　Simon T，Mary-Krause M，Cambou JP，et al.Impact of age and gender on in-hospital and late mortality after acute myocardial infarction：increased early risk in younger women：results from the French nation-wide USIC registries.Eur Heart J，2006，27(11)：1282－1288.[PubMed]
[11]　Simon T， Mary-Krause M， Funck-Brentano C，et al.Sex differences in the prognosis of congestive heart failure：results from the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS Ⅱ).Circulation，2001，103(3)：375－380.[PubMed]
[12]　Reunanen A，Suhonen O，Aromaa A，et al.Incidence of different manifestations of coronary heart disease in middle-aged Finnish men and women.Acta Med Scand，1985，218(1)：19－26.[PubMed]
[13]　Lerner DJ， Kannel WB. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes：a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population.Am Heart J，1986，111(2)：383－390.[PubMed]
[14]　Bugiardini R，Bairey Merz CN.Angina with “normal” coronary arteries：a changing philosophy.JAMA，2005，293(4)：477－484.[PubMed]
[15]　Senöz S，Direm B，Gülekli B，et al.Estrogen deprivation，rather than age，is responsible for the poor lipid profile and carbohydrate metabolism in women.Maturitas，1996，25(2)：107－114.[PubMed]
[16]　Women and smoking：a report of the Surgeon General.Executive summary.MMWR Recomm Rep，2002，51：i-iv.
[17]　Prescott E， Hippe M， Schnohr P，et al.Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men：longitudinal population study.BMJ，1998，316(7137)：1043－1047.[PubMed]
[18]　Castelli WP.Cardiovascular disease：pathogenesis，epidemiology，and risk among users of oral contraceptives who smoke.Am J Obstet Gynecol，1999，180(6 Pt 2)：S349－S356.[PubMed]
[19]　Goldbaum GM， Kendrick JS， Hogelin GC， et al.The relative impact of smoking and oral contraceptive use on women in the United States.JAMA，1987，258(10)：1339－1342.[PubMed]
[20]　Rangemark C，Benthin G，Granstrm EF，et al.Tobacco use and urinary excretion of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin metabolites in women stratified by age.Circulation，1992，86(5)：1495－1500.[PubMed]
[21]　Dotevall A， Rangeark C， Erikssib E，et al.Cigarette smoking increases thromboxane A2 formation without affecting platelet survival in young healthy females.Thromb Haemost，1992，68(5)：583－588.[PubMed]
[22]　Kalra VK， Ying Y， Deemer K，et al.Mechanism of cigarette smoke condensate induced adhesion of human monocytes to cultured endothelial cells.J Cell Physiol，1994，160(1)：154－162.[PubMed]
[23]　Fruzzetti F，Ricci C，Fioretti P.Haemostasis profile in smoking and nonsmoking women taking low-dose oral contraceptives.Contraception，1994，49(6)：579－592.[PubMed]
[24]　Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives：results of an international multicentre case-control study.WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease，Steroid Hormone Contraception.Lancet，1997，349(9060)：1202－1209.[PubMed]
[25]　Keeling D. Combined oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction.Ann Med，2003，35(6)：413－418.[PubMed]
[26]　Mant J， Painter R，Vessey M.Risk of myocardial infarction，angina and stroke in users of oral contraceptives：an updated analysis of a cohort study.Br J Obstet Gynaecol，1998，105(8)：890－896.[PubMed]
[27]　Jónsdóttir LS，Sigfússon N，Gudnason V，et al.Do lipids，blood pressure，diabetes，and smoking confer equal risk of myocardial infarction in women as in men？ The Reykjavik Study.J Cardiovasc Risk，2002，9(2)：67－76.[PubMed]
[28]　De Backer G，Ambrosioni E，Borch-Johnsen K，et al.European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice.Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice.Eur Heart J，2003，24(17)：1601－1610.[PubMed]
[29]　Barter P， Kastelein J， Nunn A，et al.High density lipoproteins (HDLs) and atherosclerosis；the unanswered questions.Atherosclerosis，2003，168(2)：195－211.[PubMed]
[30]　Forouhi NG，Merrick D，Goyder E，et al.Diabetes prevalence in England，2001—estimates from an epidemiological model.Diabet Med，2006，23(2)：189－197.[PubMed]
[31]　Ding EL，Song Y，Malik VS，et al.Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes：a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA，2006，295(11)：1288－1299.[PubMed]
[32]　Löbner K，Knopff A，Baumgarten A，et al.Predictors of postpartum diabetes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.Diabetes，2006，55(3)：792－797.[PubMed]
[33]　World Health Organization.Prevention of diabetes.Report of the WHO study group.Technical Series 844.Geneva：WHO，2004.[PubMed]
[34]　DECODE Study Group，European Diabets Epidemiology Group.Is the current definition for diabetes relevant to mortality risk from all causes and cardio vascular and noncardiovascular diseases.Diabetes Care，2003，26(3)：688－696.[PubMed]
[35]　Hasdai D， Porter A， Rosengren A，et al.Effect of gender on outcomes of acute coronary syndromes.Am J Cardiol，2003，91(12)：1466－1469.[PubMed]
[36]　EUROASPIRE Ⅰ，Ⅱ Group， European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events.Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines：a comparison of EUROASPIRE Ⅰ and Ⅱ in nine countries.Lancet，2001，357(9261)：995－1001.[PubMed]
[37]　Kanaya AM， Grady D， Barrett-Connor E. Explaining the sex difference in coronary heart disease mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus：a meta-analysis.Arch Intern Med，2002，162(15)：1737－1745.[PubMed]
[38]　Sprafka JM， Burke GL， Folsom AR，et al.Trends in prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with myocardial infarction and effect of diabetes on survival.The Minnesota Heart Survey.Diabetes Care，1991，14(7)：537－543.[PubMed]
[39]　Huxley R，Barzi F，Woodward M.Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women：meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies.BMJ，2006，332(7533)：73－78.[PubMed]
[40]　PyöräläK，Lehto S，De Bacquer D，et al.Risk factor management in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with coronary heart disease.Findings from the EUROASPIRE Ⅰ AND Ⅱ surveys.Diabetologia，2004，47(7)：1257－1265.[PubMed]
[41]　Guthrie JR， Dennerstein L， Taffe JR，et al.The menopausal transition：a 9-year prospective population-based study.The Melbourne Women′s Midlife Health Project.Climacteric，2004，7(4)：375－389.[PubMed]
[42]　Hu FB，Willett WC，Li T，et al.Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women.N Engl J Med，2004，351(26)：2694－2703.[PubMed]
[43]　Alberti KG，Zimmet P，Shaw J.Metabolic syndrome-a new world-wide definition.A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation.Diabet Med，2006，23(5)：469－480.[PubMed]
[44]　Grundy SM， Brewer HB Jr， Cleeman JI，et al.Definition of metabolic syndrome：Report of the National Heart，Lung，and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition.Circulation，2004，109(3)：433－438.[PubMed]
[45]　National Cholesterol Education Program.Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection，Evaluation，and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel Ⅲ) Final Report.Circulation，2002，106(25)：3143－3421.[PubMed]
[46]　Assmann G， Cullen P， Schulte H.The Münster Heart Study (PROCAM).Results of follow-up at 8 years.Eur Heart J，1998，19(Suppl A)：A2－A11.[PubMed]
[47]　Kaaja RJ，Pöyhönen-Alho MK.Insulin resistance and sympathetic overactivity in women.J Hypertens，2006，24(1)：131－141.[PubMed]
[48]　Kaaja R，Laivuori H，Pulkki P，et al.Is there any link between insulin resistance and inflammation in established preeclampsia？ Metabolism，2004，53(11)：1433－1435.[PubMed]
[49]　Haukkamaa L，Salminen M，Laivuori H，et al.Risk for subsequent coronary artery disease after preeclampsia.Am J Cardiol，2004，93(6)：805－808.[PubMed]
[50]　Bernstein MS，Morabia A，Sloutkis D.Definition and prevalence of sedentarism in an urban population.Am J Public Health，1999，89(6)：862－867.[PubMed]
[51]　Castelo-Branco C， Blümel JE， Roncagliolo ME，et al.Age，menopause and hormone replacement therapy influences on cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of middle-aged Chilean women.Maturitas，2003，45(3)：205－212.[PubMed]
[52]　Lukkarinen H，Hentinen M.Assessment of quality of life with the Nottingham Health Profile among women with coronary heart disease.Heart Lung，1998，27(3)：189－199.[PubMed]
[53]　Barford A，Dorling D，Davey-Smith G，et al.Life expectancy：women now on top everywhere.BMJ，2006，332(7545)：808.[PubMed]
[54]　United Nations.Population aging.Http：//www.un.org/esa/population/publications/ aging99 (1999).
[55]　Anderson GD. Sex and racial differences in pharmacological response：where is the evidence？ Pharmacogenetics，pharmacokinetics，and pharmacodynamics.J Womens Health (Larchmt)，2005，14(1)：19－29.[PubMed]
[56]　Burger HG，Dudley EC，Robertson DM，et al.Hormonal changes in the menopause transition.Recent Prog Horm Res，2002，57：257－275.[PubMed]
[57]　Buckler H. The menopause transition：endocrine changes and clinical symptoms.J Br Menopause Soc，2005，11(2)：61－65.[PubMed]
[58]　Zichella L.Clinical management of the menopausal woman.Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud，1993，38(Suppl 1)：15－22.[PubMed]
[59]　Baum LW.Sex，hormones，and Alzheimer’s disease.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci，2005，60(6)：736－743.[PubMed]
[60]　Oldenhave A，Jaszmann LJ，Haspels AA，et al.Impact of climacteric on well-being.A survey based on 5213 women 39 to 60 years old.Am J Obstet Gynecol，1993，168(3 Pt 1)：772－780.[PubMed]
[61]　Kronenberg F. Hot flushes：phenomenology，quality of life，and search for treatment options.Exp Gerontol，1994，29(3－4)：319－336.[PubMed]
[62]　Barnabei VM，Grady D，Stovall DW，et al.Menopausal symptoms in older women and the effects of treatment with hormone therapy.Obstet Gynecol，2002，100(6)：1209－1218.[PubMed]
[63]　Schürmann R，Holler T，Benda N.Estradiol and drospirenone for climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women：a double-blind，randomized，placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of three dose regimens.Climacteric，2004，7(2)：189－196.[PubMed]
[64]　Nelson HD，Vesco KK，Haney E，et al.Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes：systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA，2006，295(17)：2057－2071.[PubMed]
[65]　Vanwesenbeeck I， Vennix P， van de Wiel H.‘Menopausal symptoms′：associations with menopausal status and psychosocial factors.J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol，2001，22(3)：149－158.[PubMed]
[66]　Derman RJ，Dawood MY，Stone S.Quality of life during sequential hormone replacement therapy-a placebo-controlled study.Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud，1995，40(2)：73－78.[PubMed]
[67]　Col NF， Weber G， Stiggelbout A，et al.Shortterm menopausal hormone therapy for symptom relief：an updated decision model.Arch Intern Med，2004，164(15)：1634－1640.[PubMed]
[68]　Badia X， Diez-Pérez A， Lahoz R， et al. The ECOS-16 questionnaire for the evaluation of health related quality of life in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.Health Qual Life Outcomes，2004，2：41.[PubMed]
[69]　Rossouw JE，Anderson GL，Prentice RL，et al.Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women：principal results from the Women′s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.JAMA，2002，288(3)：321－333.[PubMed]
[70]　Kannel WB，Hjortland MC，McNamara PM，et al.Menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease：the Framingham study.Ann Intern Med，1976，85(4)：447－452.[PubMed]
[71]　Gambacciani M， Ciaponi M， Cappagli B， et al. Prospective evaluation of body weight and body fat distribution in early postmenopausal women with and without hormonal replacement therapy.Maturitas，2001，39(2)：125－132.[PubMed]
[72]　Ferrannini E. Physiological and metabolic consequences of obesity.Metabolism，1995，44(9 Suppl 3)：15－17.[PubMed]
[73]　Matthews KA，Meilahn E，Kuller LH，et al.Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease.N Engl J Med，1989，321(10)：698－699.[PubMed]
[74]　Kearney PM，Whelton M，Reynolds K，et al.Global burden of hypertension：analysis of worldwide data.Lancet，2005，365(9455)：217－223.[PubMed]
[75]　Staessen JA，Li Y，Thijs L，et al.Blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular prevention：an update including the，2003－，2004 secondary prevention trials.Hypertens Res，2005，28(5)：385－407.[PubMed]
[76]　Lindheim SR，Buchanan TA，Duffy DM，et al.Comparison of estimates of insulin sensitivity in pre-and postmenopausal women using the insulin tolerance test and the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.J Soc Gynecol Investig ，1994，1(2)：150－154.[PubMed]
[77]　Samsioe G.HRT and cardiovascular disease.Ann NY Acad Sci，2003，997：358－372.[PubMed]
[78]　Eilertsen AL，Hoibraaten E，Os I，et al.The effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on C-reactive protein levels and other inflammatory markers in women with high risk of thrombosis.Maturitas，2005，52(2)：111－118.[PubMed]
[79]　Chlebowski RT， Hendrix SL， Langer RD，et al.Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women：the Women′s Health Initiative Randomized Trial.JAMA，2003，289(24)：3243－3253.[PubMed]
[80]　Kuhl H.Breast cancer risk in the WHI study：the problem of obesity.Maturitas，2005，51(1)：83－97.[PubMed]
[81]　Stefanick ML， Anderson GL， Margolis KL，et al.Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy.JAMA，2006，295(14)：1647－1657.[PubMed]
[82]　Chen WY，Manson JE，Hankinson SE，et al.Unopposed estrogen therapy and the risk of invasive breast cancer.Arch Intern Med，2006，166(9)：1027－1032.[PubMed]
[83]　Sullivan JM， El-Zeky F，Vander Zwaag R，et al.Effect on survival of estrogen replacement therapy after coronary artery bypass grafting.Am J Cardiol，1997，79(7)：847－850.[PubMed]
[84]　Shlipak MG，Angeja BG，Go AS，et al.Hormone therapy and in-hospital survival after myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women.Circulation，2001，104(19)：2300－2304.[PubMed]
[85]　Dias AR Jr，Melo RN，Gebara OC，et al.Effects of conjugated equine estrogens or raloxifene on lipid profile，coagulation and fibrinolysis factors in postmenopausal women.Climacteric，2005，8(1)：63－70.[PubMed]
[86]　Clarkson TB.Progestogens and cardiovascular disease.A critical review.J Reprod Med，1999，44(2 Suppl 1)：180－184.[PubMed]
[87]　Manson JE，Hsia J，Johnson KC，et al.Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease.N Engl J Med，2003，349(6)：523－534.[PubMed]
[88]　Anderson GL，Limacher M，Assaf AR，et al.Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy：the Women′s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.JAMA，2004，291(14)：1701－1712.[PubMed]
[89]　Hsia J， Langer RD， Manson JE， et al.Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease：the Women′s Health Initiative.Arch Intern Med，2006，166(3)：357－365.[PubMed]
[90]　Grodstein F， Manson JE， Stampfer MJ.Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease：the role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation.J Womens Health，2006，15(1)：35－44.[PubMed]
[91]　Cushman M， Kuller LH， Prentice R， et al.Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis.JAMA，2004，292(13)：1573－1580.[PubMed]
[92]　Wassertheil-Smoller S， Hendrix SL，Limacher M，et al.Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women：the Women′s Health Initiative：a randomized trial.JAMA，2003，289(20)：2673－2684.[PubMed]
[93]　Rossouw JE， Prentice RL，Manson JE，et al.Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause.JAMA，2007，297(13)：1465－1477.[PubMed]
[94]　Hulley S，Grady D，Bush T，et al.Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group.JAMA，1998，280(7)：605－613.[PubMed]
[95]　Bartys S，Baker D，Lewis P，et al.Inequity in recording of risk in a local population-based screening programme for cardiovascular disease.Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil，2005，12(1)：63－67.[PubMed]
[96]　O′Brien E，Asmar R，Beilin L，et al.Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic，ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement.J Hypertens，2005，23(4)：697－701.[PubMed]
[97]　Conroy RM，PyöräläK，Fitzgerald AP，et al.Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe：the SCORE project.Eur Heart J，2003，24(11)：987－1003.[PubMed]
[98]　Marshall T. Coronary heart disease prevention： insights from modelling incremental cost effectiveness.BMJ，2003，327(7426)：1264－1268.[PubMed]
[99]　Hemingway H，McCallum A，Shipley M，et al.Incidence and prognositic significance of stable angina pectoris among woman and men.JAMA，2006，295(12)：1404－1411.[PubMed]
[100]　European Society of Hypertension European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee.2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.J Hypertens，2003，21(6)：1011－1053.[PubMed]
[101]　Hersberger M， von Eckardstein A.Modulation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport.Handb Exp Pharmacol，2005，(170)：537－561.[PubMed]
[102]　Hajjar I，Kotchen TA.Trends in prevalence，awareness，treatment，and control of hypertension in the United States，1988－2000.JAMA，2003，290(2)：199－206.[PubMed]
[103]　Messerli F， White WB， Staessen JA.If only cardiologists did properly measure blood pressure：blood pressure recordings in daily practice and clinical trials.J Am Coll Cardiol，2002，40(12)：2201－2003.[PubMed]
[104]　Coleman AJ， Steel SD， Ashworth M，et al.Accuracy of the pressure scale of sphygmomanometers in clinical use within primary care.Blood Press Monit，2005，10(4)：181－188.[PubMed]
[105]　MacMahon S，Rodgers A.Blood pressure，antihypertensive treatment and stroke risk.J Hypertens Suppl，1994，12(10)：S5－S14.[PubMed]
[106]　Vasan RS，Larson MG，Leip EP，et al.Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease.N Engl J Med，2001，345(18)：1291－1297.[PubMed]
[107]　Svetkey LP. Management of prehypertension.Hypertension，2005，45(6)：1056－1061.[PubMed]
[108]　Julius S， Nesbitt SD， Egan BM， et al.Trial of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY) Study Investigators.Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin-receptor blocker.N Engl J Med ，2006，354(16)：1685－1697.[PubMed]
[109]　Reckelhoff JF， Fortepiani LA.Novel mechanisms responsible for postmenopausal hypertension.Hypertension，2004，43(5)：918－923.[PubMed]
[110]　Kass DA. Ventricular arterial stiffening： integrating the pathophysiology.Hypertension，2005，46(1)：185－193.[PubMed]
[111]　Hall JE，Guyton AC，Coleman TG，et al.Regulation of arterial pressure：role of pressure natriuresis and diuresis.Fed Proc，1986，45(13)：2897－2903.[PubMed]
[112]　Basso N， Paglia N， Stella I，et al.Protective effect of the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system on aging.Regul Pept，2005，128(3)：247－252.[PubMed]
[113]　Duprez D，De Buyzere M，Rietzschel ER，et al.Aldosterone and vascular damage.Curr Hypertens Rep，2000，2(3)：327－334.[PubMed]
[114]　Struthers AD，MacDonald TM.Review of aldosterone-and angiotensin Ⅱ-induced target organ damage and prevention.Cardiovasc Res，2004，61(4)：663－670.[PubMed]
[115]　Pitt B，Zannad F，Remme WJ，et al.The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure.Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators.N Engl J Med，1999，341(10)：709－717.[PubMed]
[116]　Pitt B， Remme W， Zannad F，et al.Eplerenone，a selective aldosterone blocker，in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction.N Engl J Med，2003，348(14)：1309－1321.[PubMed]
[117]　Krattenmacher R.Drospirenone：pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of a unique progestogen.Contraception，2000，62(1)：29－38.[PubMed]
[118]　Preston RA， Alonso A， Panzitta D，et al.Additive effect of drospirenone/17-beta-estradiol in hypertensive postmenopausal women receiving enalapril.Am J Hypertens，2002，15(9)：816－822.[PubMed]
[119]　Preston RA，White WB，Pitt B，et al.Effects of drospirenone/17-beta estradiol on blood pressure and potassium balance in hypertensive postmenopausal women.Am J Hypertens，2005，18(6)：797－804.[PubMed]
[120]　White WB，Pitt B，Preston RA，et al.Antihypertensive effects of drospirenone with 17-beta-estradiol，a novel hormone treatment in postmenopausal women with stage 1 hypertension.Circulation，2005，112(13)：1979－1784.[PubMed]
[121]　Archer DF，Thorneycroft IH，Foegh M，et al.Long-term safety of drospirenone-estradiol for hormone therapy：a randomized，double-blind，multicenter trial.Menopause ，2005，12(6)：716－727.[PubMed]
[122]　Mueck AO， Seeger H. Effect of hormone therapy on BP in normotensive and hypertensive postmenopausal women.Maturitas，2004，49(3)：189－203.[PubMed]
[123]　Dahlöf B，Sever PS，Poulter NR，et al.Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required，in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA)：a multicentre randomised controlled trial.Lancet，2005，366(9489)：895－906.[PubMed]
[124]　Holcomb SS.Selection of antihypertensive agents in patients with risk for diabetes.Curr Hypertens Rep，2005，7(6)：461－465.[PubMed]
[125]　Reckelhoff JF，Fortepiani LA.Novel mechanisms responsible for postmenopausal hypertension.Hypertension，2004，43(5)：918－923.[PubMed]
[126]　Ibrahim MM.RAS inhibition in hypertension.J Hum Hypertens，2006，20(2)：101－108.[PubMed]
[127]　Lee YJ， Chiang YF， Tsai JC.Severe nonproductive cough and cough-induced stress urinary incontinence in diabetic postmenopausal women treated with ACE inhibitor.Diabetes Care，2000，23(3)：427－428.[PubMed]
[128]　MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group.MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering therapy of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in a wide range of patients at increased risk of coronary heart disease death：early safety efficacy experience.Eur Heart J，1999，20(10)：725－741.[PubMed]
[129]　Daly C，Clemens F，Lopez Sendon JL，et al.Gender differences in the management and clinical outcome of stable angina.Circulation ，2006，113(4)：490－498.[PubMed]
[130]　Hayward CS， Kelly RP， Collins P. The roles of gender，the menopause and hormone replacement on cardiovascular function.Cardiovasc Res，2000，46(1)：28－49.[PubMed]
[131]　Stramba-Badiale M，Priori SG.Gender-specific prescription for cardiovascular diseases？ Eur Heart J，2005，26(16)：1571－1572.[PubMed]
[132]　Rathore SS，Wang Y，Krumholz HM.Sex-based differences in the effect of digoxin for the treatment of heart failure.N Engl J Med，2002，347(18)：1403－1411.[PubMed]
[133]　Berger JS，Roncaglioni MC，Avanzini F，et al.Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men：a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.JAMA，2006，295(31)：306－613.[PubMed]